Patient Assessment
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POSITIONAL (OR RESTRAINT) ASPHYXIA:

DEATH RESULTING FROM SECURING A PERSON IN THE PRONE POSITION (LIMITING BREATHING)

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RAPID MEDICAL ASSESSMENT:

METHOD OF ASSESSING AN UNCONSCIOUS PATIENT FROM HEAD TO TOE TO ASCERTAIN MEDICAL PROBLEMS AND CHECK FOR INJURIES

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RAPID TRAUMA ASSESSMENT:

METHOD OF ASSESSING AN UNCONSCIOUS PATIENT FROM HEAT TO TOE TO CHECK FOR INJURIES IF THERE IS A SUBSTANTIAL MECHANISM OF INJURY

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ABC'S:

THE PATIENT'S AIRWAY, BREATHING, AND CIRCULATION AS THEY RELATE TO THE PRIMARY ASSESSMENT

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ACCESSORY MUSCLE USE:

THE USE OF THE MUSCLES OF THE NECK, CHEST, AND ABDOMEN TO ASSIST WITH BREATHING EFFORT

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BASELINE VITAL SIGNS:

THE FIRST DETERMINATION OF VITAL SIGNS; USED TO COMPARE WITH ALL FURTHER READINGS OF VITAL SIGNS TO IDENTIFY TRENDS

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BP-DOC:

A MEMORY AID USED TO RECALL WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN A PHYSICAL EXAM; THE LETTERS STAND FOR BLEEDING, PAIN, DEFORMITIES, OPEN WOUNDS, AND CREPITUS

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BRACHIAL PULSE:

THE PULSE THAT CAN BE FELT IN THE MEDIAL SIDE OF THE UPPER ARM BETWEEN THE ELBOW AND SHOULDER

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CAPILLARY REFILL:

THE RETURN (REFILL) OF BLOOD INTO THE CAPILLARIES AFTER IT HAS BEEN FORCED OUT BY FINGERTIPS PRESSURE; NORMAL REFILL TIME IS TWO SECONDS OR LESS

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CAROTID PULSE:

THE PULSE THAT CAN BE FELT ON EITHER SIDE OF THE NECK

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CHIEF COMPLAINT:

THE REASON EMS WAS CALLED, IN THE PATIENT'S OWN WORDS

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CREPITUS:

A GRATING NOISE OR THE SENSATION FELT WHEN BROKEN BONE ENDS RUB TOGETHER

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DCAP-BTLS:

A MEMORY AID USED TO RECALL WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN A PHYSICAL EXAM; THE LETTERS STAND FOR DEFORMITIES, CONTUSIONS, ABRASIONS, PUNCTURES AND PENETRATIONS, BURNS, TENDERNESS, LACERATIONS, AND SWELLING

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DORSALIS PEDIS PULSE:

THE PULSE LOCATED LATERAL TO THE LARGE TENDON OF THE BIG TOE

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FOCUSED SECONDARY ASSESSMENT:

AN EXAMINATION CONDUCTED ON STABLE PATIENTS, FOCUSING ON A SPECIFIC INJURY OR MEDICAL COMPLAINT

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GENERAL IMPRESSION:

THE FIRST INFORMAL ASSESSMENT OF THE PATIENT'S OVERALL CONDITION

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GUARDING:

THE PROTECTION OF AN AREA OF INJURY OR PAIN BY THE PATIENT; THE SPASMS OF MUSCLES TO MINIMIZE MOVEMENT THAT MIGHT CAUSE PAIN

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IMMEDIATE LIFE THREATS:

ANY CONDITION THAT MAY POSE AN IMMEDIATE THREAT TO THE PATIENT'S LIFE, SUCH AS PROBLEMS WITH THE AIRWAY, BREATHING, CIRCULATION, OR SAFETY

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INTERVENTIONS:

ACTIONS TAKEN TO CORRECT OR STABILIZE A PATIENT'S ILLNESS OR INJURY

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JUGULAR VEIN DISTENTION (JVD):

AN ABNORMAL BULGING OF THE VEINS OF THE NECK INDICATING POSSIBLE INJURY TO THE CHEST OR HEART

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MANUAL STABILIZATION:

USING YOUR HANDS TO PHYSICALLY HOLD THE BODY PART AND KEEP IT FROM MOVING

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MECHANISM OF INJURY (MOI):

THE FORCE OR FORCES THAT MAY HAVE CAUSED INJURY

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MEDICAL PATIENT:

ONE WHO HAS OR DESCRIBES SYMPTOMS OF AN ILLNESS; A PATIENT WITH NO INJURIES

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NATURE OF ILLNESS (NOI):

WHAT IS MEDICALLY WRONG WITH THE PATIENT; A COMPLAINT NOT RELATED TO AN INJURY

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OPQRST:

A MEMORY DEVICE USED FOR ASSESSING THE RESPONSIVE MEDICAL PATIENT; THE LETTERS STAND FOR ONSET, PROVOCATION, QUALITY, REGION/RADIATE, SEVERITY, AND TIME

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PARADOXICAL MOVEMENT:

MOVEMENT OF AN AREA OF THE CHEST WALL IN OPPOSITION TO THE REST OF THE CHEST DURING RESPIRATION

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PRIMARY ASSESSMENT:

A QUICK ASSESSMENT OF THE PATIENT'S AIRWAY, BREATHING, CIRCULATION, AND BLEEDING TO DETECT AND CORRECT ANY IMMEDIATE LIFE-THREATENING PROBLEMS

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RADIAL PULSE:

THE PULSE FELT ON THE THUMB SIDE OF THE WRIST

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RAPID SECONDARY ASSESSMENT:

A QUICK HEAD-TO-TOE ASSESSMENT OF THE MOST CRITICAL PATIENTS

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REASSESSMENT:

THE LAST STEP IN PATIENT ASSESSMENT, USED TO DETECT CHANGES IN A PATIENT'S CONDITION; INCLUDES REPEATING INITIAL ASSESSMENT, REASSESSING AND RECORDING VITAL SIGNS, AND CHECKING INTERVENTIONS

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SCENE SIZE-UP:

AN OVERVIEW OF THE SCENE TO IDENTIFY ANY OBVIOUS OR POTENTIAL HAZARDS; CONSISTS OF TAKING BSI PRECAUTIONS, DETERMINING THE SAFETY OF THE SCENE, IDENTIFYING THE MECHANISM OF INJURY OR NATURE OF ILLNESS, DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF PATIENTS, AND IDENTIFYING ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

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SECONDARY ASSESSMENT:

A COMPLETE HEAD-TO-TOE PHYSICAL EXAM, INCLUDING MEDICAL HISTORY

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SYMPTOMS:

SUBJECTIVE INDICATIONS OF ILLNESS OR INJURY THAT CANNOT BE OBSERVED BY ANOTHER PERSON BUT ARE FELT AND REPORTED BY THE PATIENT

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TRACHEAL DEVIATION:

A SHIFTING OF THE TRACHEA TO EITHER SIDE OF THE MIDLINE OF THE NECK CAUSED BY THE BUILDUP OF PRESSURE INSIDE THE CHEST

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TRACK MARKS:

SMALL DOTS OF INFECTION THAT FORM A TRACK ALONG A VEIN; MAY BE AN INDICATION OF IV DRUG ABUSE

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TRAUMA PATIENT:

ONE WHO HAS A PHYSICAL INJURY CAUSED BY AN EXTERNAL FORCE

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TRENDING:

MONITORING THE PATIENT'S SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS AND DOCUMENTING ANY CHANGES, BOTH GOOD AND BAD

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A IN APO STANDS FOR:

ALERT

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A IN DCAP – BTLS STANDS FOR:

ABRASIONS

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A RAPID ASSESSMENT:

A QUICK HEAD TO TOE EXAMINATION OF THE PATIENT

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A SIGN:

ANY MEDICAL OR TRAUMA CONDITION THAT CAN BE OBSERVED AND IDENTIFIED IN THE PATIENT

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A SYMPTOM:

ANY NON-OBSERVABLE CONDITION DESCRIBED BY THE PATIENT

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ABRASION:

A TYPE OF WOUND IN WHICH THE DERMIS IS SCRAPED BY AN OBJECT, CAUSING LITTLE BLOOD LOSS BUT WITH INCREASED DANGER OF INFECTION DUE TO THE AMOUNT OF EPIDERMIS EXPOSED

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AMPUTATION:

THE COMPLETE SEPARATION OF A BODY PART FROM THE BODY

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ANEURYSM:

A BALLOONING OF A BLOOD VESSEL; COULD BE VERY DANGEROUS, DEPENDING ON LOCATION

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ANGULATED:

ON AN ANGLE; TYPICALLY USED TO DESCRIBE FRACTURES, WHEN A BONE IS NOTICEABLY OUT OF PLACE

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ASCITES:

FLUID ACCUMULATION IN THE ABDOMEN; COULD LEAD TO HYPOPERFUSION AND RESPIRATORY COMPROMISE

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ASPIRATION:

INHALING OF FOREIGN SUBSTANCES INTO THE TRACHEA, BRONCHIAL TREE, AND LUNGS

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AURA:

VISUAL, AUDITORY, OLFACTORY, OR OTHER SENSE OF AN IMPENDING SEIZURE

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AUSCULTATION:

TO LISTEN TO THE INTERNAL SOUNDS OF THE BODY; TYPICALLY DONE WITH A STETHOSCOPE

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AVERAGE VITAL SIGNS FOR A 10 YEAR-OLD:

PULSE: 70-115, RESPIRATIONS: 15-20, BLOOD PRESSURE: 100/60

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AVERAGE VITAL SIGNS FOR A 15 YEAR-OLD:

PULSE 70 -90, RESPIRATIONS: 15-20, BLOOD PRESSURE: 110/65

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AVERAGE VITAL SIGNS FOR A 3 YEAR-OLD:

PULSE: 80-140, RESPIRATIONS: 25-30, BLOOD PRESSURE: 85/50

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AVERAGE VITAL SIGNS FOR A 7 YEAR-OLD:

PULSE: 70-115, RESPIRATIONS: 20-25, BLOOD PRESSURE: 95/55

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AVERAGE VITAL SIGNS FOR A NEWBORN:

PULSE: 120–160, RESPIRATIONS: 40-60, BLOOD PRESSURE: 80/40

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AVERAGE VITAL SIGNS FOR AN ADULT:

PULSE 60-80, RESPIRATIONS: 12-20, BLOOD PRESSURE: 120/80

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AVULSION:

FORCIBLE TEARING AWAY OF TISSUE AS A RESULT OF BLUNT-FORCE TRAUMA

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B IN DCAP – BTLS STANDS FOR:

BURNS

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BATTLE’S SIGNS:

ECCHYMOSIS (BRUISING) BEHIND THE EARS THAT SUGGESTS A BASILAR SKULL FRACTURE

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BEING ALERT AND ORIENTATED TIMES 3 OR 4 MEANS:

WHO: THEY KNOW WHO THEY ARE, WHERE: THEY KNOW WHERE THEY ARE, WHEN: THEY KNOW WHEN IT IS, WHAT: THEY KNOW WHAT YOU ARE THERE FOR OR WHAT THE EVENT IS

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BRADYCARDIA:

HEART RHYTHM BELOW 60 BEATS PER MINUTE IN AN ADULT; SLOW HEART RATE

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BRADYPNEA:

SLOW BREATHING, USUALLY BELOW 8 BREATHS PER MINUTE

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BSI STAND FOR:

BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION

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C IN DCAP – BTLS STANDS FOR:

CONTUSIONS

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CHIEF COMPLAINT:

WHAT THE PATIENT DEFINES AS THE REASON FOR NEEDING EMS; ILLNESS OR INJURY FOR WHICH THE EMERGENCY MEDICAL SYSTEM WAS ACTIVATED

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COMPONENTS OF THE ONGOING ASSESSMENT:

REPEAT INITIAL ASSESSMENT; CHECK MENTAL STATUS; ASSESS BREATHING RATE AND QUALITY; ASSESS PULSE RATE AND QUALITY; ASSESS SKIN COLOR, TEMPERATURE, CONDITION AND PERFUSION; REESTABLISH PATIENT PRIORITY, RECORD VITAL SIGNS, REPEAT THE FOCUSED ASSESSMENT, AND EVALUATE ALL INTERVENTIONS

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CONTUSION:

HEMORRHAGE THAT OCCURS BENEATH THE SKIN; BRUISING

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CONVULSIONS:

SEIZURE ACTIVITY OF THE BODY, USUALLY FULL BODY

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CRACKLES:

FINE CRACKLING SOUND ON INHALATION SIMILAR TO HAIR BEING RUBBED TOGETHER CLOSE TO THE EAR; AN INDICATION OF FLUID IN THE LUNGS; CAN ALSO BE CALLED RALES

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CREPITATION:

THE SOUND MADE WHEN BONE ENDS RUB TOGETHER, OR WHEN THERE IS AIR INSIDE THE TISSUE

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CYANOSIS:

BLUISH-GRAY COLOR INDICATIVE OF POOR CIRCULATION

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D IN DCAP – BTLS STANDS FOR:

DEFORMITIES

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DURING THE INITIAL ASSESSMENT, YOU SHOULD:

DETERMINE A GENERAL IMPRESSION OF THE PATIENT, DETERMINE LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS, ASSESS ANY IMMEDIATE LIFE THREATS, ASSESS ABC'S

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DURING THE SCENE SIZE-UP, YOU SHOULD IDENTIFY:

SCENE IS SAFE OR NOT, THE MOI/NOI, NUMBER OF PATIENTS, IF ADDITIONAL HELP IS NECESSARY, CONSIDER C-SPINE STABILIZATION

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DYSPNEA:

DIFFICULTY BREATHING

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ECCHYMOSIS:

THE ESCAPE OF BLOOD FROM VESSELS UNDER TISSUE, SHOWING AS A DISCOLORATION; SOMETIMES CALLED A BRUISE; CAUSED BY SUBCUTANEOUS HEMORRHAGE

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EPISTAXIS:

BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE

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EVISCERATION:

TRAUMATIC OPENING OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY IN WHICH THE INTESTINES PROTRUDE TO THE OUTSIDE

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FLUSHING:

ANOTHER NAME FOR REDNESS; USUALLY, A SIGN OF VESSEL DILATION DUE TO HEAT OR A VERY LATE SIGN OF CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING

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GUARDING:

POSITION IN WHICH THE PATIENT PLACES HIS OR HER HANDS OVER A PORTION OF THE ANATOMY THAT IS PAINFUL

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HEMORRHAGE:

EXCESSIVE BLEEDING

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HIVES:

ITCHY, RED BLOTCHES ON THE SKIN ASSOCIATED WITH ALLERGIC REACTIONS

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HOW OFTEN VITALS SHOULD BE REASSESSED IN STABLE PATIENTS:

AT LEAST EVERY 15 MINUTES

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HOW OFTEN VITALS SHOULD BE REASSESSED IN UNSTABLE PATIENTS:

AT LEAST EVERY 5 MINUTES

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INITIAL ASSESSMENT:

FIRST IMPRESSION OF A PATIENT’S CONDITION AFTER SCENE SIZE-UP

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JAUNDICE:

YELLOWISH APPEARANCE OF THE SKIN, COMMONLY CAUSED BY DISEASES OF THE LIVER

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JUGULAR VEIN DISTENTION:

WHEN PRESSURE ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART BUILDS UP, CAUSING A BACKUP OF FLUID IN THE VENOUS SYSTEM; SEEN AS A DISTENTION OF A PATIENT’S JUGULAR VEINS IN THE NECK

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L IN DCAP – BTLS STANDS FOR:

LACERATIONS

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LACERATION:

WOUND IN WHICH THE SKIN IS OPENED BY A CUT OR TEAR

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LIST OF THE VITAL SIGNS:

BREATHING, CIRCULATION, SKIN TONE, BLOOD PRESSURE, PUPILS

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LUCID:

WHEN A PATIENT IS AWAKE, ALERT, AND AWARE

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MALAISE:

GENERAL FEELING OF ILLNESS

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MECHANISM OF INJURY (MOI):

THE EVENT OR FORCES THAT CAUSED THE PATIENT’S INJURY

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MINIMUM DATA SET:

THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF PATIENT AND ADMINISTRATIVE DATA REQUIRED FOR ACCURATE AND COMPLETE PRE-HOSPITAL DATA COLLECTION

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MOI QUESTIONS FOR FALLS:

HOW FAR DID THE PATIENT FALL? WHAT DID THE PATIENT LAND ON? WHAT PART OF THE PATIENT'S BODY HIT FIRST?

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MOI QUESTIONS FOR GUNSHOT WOUNDS:

WHAT KIND OF GUN WAS USED? WHAT WAS THE CALIBER OF THE BULLETS? WHAT WAS THE DISTANCE OF THE GUN TO THE PATIENT? ARE MULTIPLE WOUNDS PRESENT?

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MOI QUESTIONS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES CRASHES:

HOW FAST WAS THE PATIENT TRAVELING? WHAT DID THE VEHICLE HIT? HOW MUCH DAMAGE WAS DONE TO THE VEHICLE? WERE THE OCCUPANTS WEARING SEAT BELTS OR HELMETS? DID THE AIRBAG DEPLOY?

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NARROW PULSE PRESSURE:

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE AND THE DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE IS THE PULSE PRESSURE. WHEN THERE IS A DECREASE IN BLOOD BEING EJECTED FROM THE LEFT VENTRICLE (EITHER FROM BLOOD LOSS OR LEFT VENTRICULAR FAILURE), THE BLOOD VESSELS CONSTRICT, CAUSING DIASTOLIC PRESSURE TO REMAIN THE SAME. HOWEVER, SINCE LESS BLOOD IS BEING EJECTED, THE SYSTOLIC PRESSURE FALLS AND THE TWO TYPES OF PRESSURES NARROW TOGETHER.

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NATURE OF ILLNESS (NOI):

THE PATIENT’S DESCRIPTION OF THE CHIEF COMPLAINT, OR WHY EMS WAS CALLED

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NUMBNESS:

LOSS OF FEELING; ALSO KNOWN AS PARASTHESIA

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OBJECTIVE INFORMATION:

INFORMATION THAT YOU OBSERVE AND SEE FOR YOURSELF

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ONGOING ASSESSMENT:

THE CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF A PATIENT WHILE EN ROUTE TO A RECEIVING FACILITY

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OPEN FRACTURE:

A BROKEN BONE ASSOCIATED WITH AN OPEN WOUND

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OPQ IN OPQRST STANDS FOR:

ONSET, PROVOCATION, QUALITY

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ORIENTED:

WHEN THE PATIENT IS AWARE OF WHERE, WHEN, AND WHO THEY ARE

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ORTHOPNEA:

SHORTNESS OF BREATH WHILE LYING FLAT

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ORTHOSTATIC VITAL SIGNS:

ACCOMPLISHED BY LYING THE PATIENT FLAT, AND TAKING A PULSE AND BLOOD PRESSURE. NEXT, HAVE THE PATIENT STAND FOR 2 MINUTES AND REASSESS. IF THE DIFFERENCE INCREASES BY 10-20 BPM AND THE SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE DECREASES BY 10-20 MMHG, IT IS CONSIDERED TO BE A POSITIVE ORTHOSTATIC TEST, WHICH TYPICALLY INDICATES A SIGNIFICANT LOSS OF BLOOD OR FLUID VOLUME.

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P IN AVPU STANDS FOR:

PAINFUL

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P IN DCAP – BTLS STANDS FOR:

PENETRATIONS/PUNCTURES

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PALLOR:

ANOTHER NAME FOR PALENESS

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PALPATION:

FEELING WITH THE HANDS AND FINGERS

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PARADOXICAL MOTION:

OPPOSITE MOTION FROM THE NORM; USED TO DESCRIBE THE EFFECT WHEN A FLAIL SEGMENT MOVES IN AN OPPOSITE-TO-NORMAL DIRECTION DURING BREATHING

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PARESTHESIA:

LOSS OF SENSATION OR PARALYSIS IN AN EXTREMITY

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POSTICTAL STATE:

STATE OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS FOLLOWING A SEIZURE

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PULSE OXIMETRY:

MEASUREMENT OF OXYGEN PERFUSION; MEASURED BY THE INFRARED SIGNATURE OF RED BLOOD CELLS

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PULSE PRESSURE:

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE

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PULSUS PARADOXUS:

A DECREASE IN PULSE STRENGTH DURING INHALATION

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RACCOON SIGN:

ECCHYMOSIS (BRUISING AND DISCOLORATION) AROUND THE EYES, WHICH MAY BE SYMPTOMATIC OF A BASILAR SKULL FRACTURE

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RADIATING:

WHEN SOMETHING IS MOVING; USUALLY USED TO DESCRIBE PAIN, WHEN IT MOVES OR RADIATES FROM THE POINT OF ORIGIN TO SOMEWHERE ELSE

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RALES:

FINE CRACKLING SOUND ON INHALATION SIMILAR TO HAIR BEING RUBBED TOGETHER CLOSE TO THE EAR; AN INDICATION OF FLUID IN THE LUNGS; CAN ALSO BE CALLED CRACKLES

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RAPID MEDICAL ASSESSMENT:

METHOD OF ASSESSING AN UNCONSCIOUS PATIENT FROM HEAD TO TOE TO ASCERTAIN MEDICAL PROBLEMS AND CHECK FOR INJURIES

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RAPID TRAUMA ASSESSMENT:

METHOD OF ASSESSING AN UNCONSCIOUS PATIENT FROM HEAD TO TOE TO CHECK FOR INJURIES IF THERE IS A SUBSTANTIAL MECHANISM OF INJURY

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REASONS FOR INACCURATE READING IN THE PULSE OXYMETER:

SIGNIFICANT BLOOD LOSS, HYPOTHERMIA OR EXCESSIVE COLD, EXCESSIVE MOVEMENT, NAIL POLISH ON THE FINGER, CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING, CIGARETTE SMOKERS MAY HAVE FALSELY HIGH READINGS DUE TO CARBON MONOXIDE, AND ANEMIA PATIENTS

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RETRACTIONS:

DEPRESSIONS IN THE NECK AND CHEST CAVITY, INDICATING USE OF THE ACCESSORY MUSCLES FOR RESPIRATION; INDICATIVE OF SEVERE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS

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RST IN OPQRST STANDS FOR:

RADIATION, SEVERITY, TIME

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S IN DCAP – BTLS STANDS FOR:

SWELLING

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SAMPLE STANDS FOR:

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS, ALLERGIES, MEDICATIONS, PERTINENT PAST MEDICAL HISTORY, LAST ORAL INTAKE, EVENTS LEADING TO THE INJURY OR ILLNESS

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SCENE SIZE-UP:

THE EVALUATION OF THE ENTIRE ENVIRONMENT FOR POSSIBLE RISKS TO YOURSELF, CREWMEMBERS, PATIENTS, OR BYSTANDERS

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SEIZURE:

INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE TREMORS OR LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

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SIGNS:

OBJECTIVE MEASUREMENTS OF A BODY’S RESPONSE TO ILLNESS AND OR INJURY

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STATUS EPILEPTICUS:

SEIZURES THAT LAST LONGER THAN A FEW MINUTES OR MULTIPLE SEIZURES THAT OCCUR WITHOUT AN INTERVENING PERIOD OF LUCIDITY

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STRIDOR:

HIGH-PITCHED, WHEEZING SOUND, INDICATING UPPER AIRWAY SWELLING OR OBSTRUCTION

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SUBJECTIVE INFORMATION:

INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM THE PATIENT OR FAMILY MEMBERS THAT YOU CAN’T OBJECTIVELY SAY IS TRUE OR FALSE

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SUCKING CHEST WOUND:

OPEN WOUND THAT EXTENDS INTO THE LUNG CAVITY, CAUSING DEFLATION OF THE LUNG AND A SUBSEQUENT PNEUMOTHORAX

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SWELLING:

INFLAMMATION

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SYMPTOMS:

SUBJECTIVE DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIOUS PROCESSES BY A PATIENT

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T IN DCAP – BTLS STANDS FOR:

TENDERNESS

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TACHYCARDIA:

SUSTAINED FAST HEART RATE IN EXCESS OF 100 BEATS PER MINUTE

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TACHYPNEA:

SUSTAINED FAST RESPIRATION; USUALLY IN EXCESS OF 20 BREATHS A MINUTE

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THE DETAILED PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:

DESIGNED PRIMARILY FOR TRAUMA PATIENT WHO MAY HAVE HIDDEN INJURIES THAT ARE NOT REVEALED IN THE INITIAL ASSESSMENT OR FOCUSED HISTORY

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TRACHEOSTOMY:

SURGICAL OPENING IN THE NECK, ENABLING A PATIENT WITH AN OCCLUDED AIRWAY TO BREATHE

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TRENDING:

THE PROCESS OF COMPARING SETS OF VITAL SIGNS OR OTHER ASSESSMENT INFORMATION OVER TIME

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TRIPOD POSITION:

POSITION THAT A PATIENT IN SEVERE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS WILL ASSUME, SEATED WITH ARMS TO THE SIDE AND ROTATED FORWARD TO ASSIST IN BREATHING

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TUNNEL VISION:

FOCUSING ON A NONCRITICAL ASPECT OF A SITUATION, CAUSING EMS TO MISS THE REAL PROBLEM

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U IN AVPU STANDS FOR:

UNRESPONSIVE, NOT UNCONSCIOUS

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V IN AVPU STANDS FOR:

VERBAL

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WHEEZING:

A LONG HIGH-PITCHED WHISTLING SOUND

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SIGNS OF ADEQUATE VENTILATION:

GOOD CHEST RISE AND FALL, HEART RATE RETURNS TO NORMAL, SKIN COLOR IMPROVES

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DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE:

THE MEASUREMENT OF THE PRESSURE IN AN ARTERY WHEN THE VENTRICLES ARE AT REST

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SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE:

THE MEASUREMENT OF THE PRESSURE IN AN ARTERY WHEN THE VENTRICLES ARE CONTRACTING

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ACCESSORY MUSCLES USED IN EXHALATION:

ABDOMINAL: CONTRACT AND INCREASE THE PRESSURE INSIDE THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY, FORCING THE DIAPHRAGM TO MOVE HIGHER AGAINST THE LUNGS. INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES: CONTRACT AND PULL THE STERNUM AND RIBS DOWNWARD

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ACCESSORY MUSCLES USED IN INHALATION:

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID: LIFT THE STERNUM UPWARD, SCALENE: ELEVATE RIBS 1 AND 2, PECTORALIS MINOR: ELEVATE RIBS 3 TO 5

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FOUR RESPIRATORY CONTROL CENTERS IN THE BRAIN STEM:

THE DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP, THE VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP, PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER, AND THE APNEUSTIC CENTER

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PERCENTAGES OF CO2 IN BLOOD RETURNING TO THE LUNGS:

70% IN BICARBONATE IONS, 23% ATTACHED TO HEMOGLOBIN, 7% DISSOLVED IN PLASMA

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RESPIRATORY DISEASE THAT FUNCTIONS ON A HYPOXIC DRIVE RATHER THAN A HYPERCARBIC DRIVE:

COPD (CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE)

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CROWING:

A LONG, HIGH-PITCHED SOUND WHEN A PERSON INHALES

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GRUNTING:

A SOUND MADE WHEN A PATIENT IN RESPIRATORY DISTRESS ATTEMPTS TO TRAP AIR TO KEEP THE ALVEOLI OPEN

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GURGLING:

A LIQUID SOUND DURING BREATHING

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SNORING:

A SOUND THAT INDICATES THE PATIENT IS UNABLE TO KEEP THE AIRWAY OPEN; THE TONGUE IS FALLING BACK INTO AND PARTIALLY OBSTRUCTING THE UPPER AIRWAY

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COMPONENTS NECESSARY FOR ADEQUATE PERFUSION:

COMPOSITION OF AMBIENT AIR, PATENT AIRWAY, MECHANICS OF VENTILATION, REGULATION OF VENTILATION, VENTILATION/PERFUSION RATION, TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE BY THE BLOOD, BLOOD VOLUME, PUMP FUNCTION OF THE MYOCARDIUM, SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE, MICROCIRCULATION, AND BLOOD PRESSURE

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PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN AT SEA LEVEL:

159MMHG

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PERCENTAGE OF OXYGEN IN AMBIENT AIR:

0.21

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PULSE PRESSURE:

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE READING AND THE SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE READING

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STROKE VOLUME:

THE VOLUME OF BLOOD EJECTED BY THE LEFT VENTRICLE WITH EACH CONTRACTION; DETERMINED BY PRELOAD, CARDIAC CONTRACTILITY, AND AFTER LOAD

Flashcard 165 of 166

VASOCONSTRICTION:

TERM USED FOR DECREASE IN VESSEL DIAMETER

Flashcard 166 of 166

VASODILATION:

TERM USED FOR INCREASE IN VESSEL DIAMETER

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